Definition of Arthritis
Arthritis is defined simply as the inflammation of a joint. In dogs, this term tends to refer to osteoarthritis (“OA,” also called degenerative joint disease, or “DJD”). Osteoarthritis is a syndrome characterized by bone remodeling, low-grade inflammation and degenerative, progressive and permanent deterioration of the articular cartilage of joints.
Causes of Arthritis in Dogs
Some dogs develop osteoarthritis as a primary condition, with no apparent cause. This is uncommon. Most cases of OA are secondary to some other initiating cause or condition. Acute or chronic trauma, or some other form of injury to a joint, causes the release of a number of inflammatory mediators that essentially degrade the cartilage matrix faster than it can be re-synthesized. They also cause pain. The inciting events usually fall into one of two categories: either abnormal forces imposed on normal joints (fractures, sprains, obesity, etc.) or normal forces imposed on abnormal joints (elbow or hip dysplasia, osteochondrosis dissecans [“OCD”], patellar luxation, cranial cruciate ligament rupture or tear, or other congenital or genetic conformational defects). Regardless of cause, the ultimate effect of OA is the same: pain and loss of normal function of the affected joint.
Preventing Arthritis in Dogs
Osteoarthritis is almost always progressive and irreversible. Since the cause of primary OA in dogs is not known, prevention is not really possible at this time. However, the progression of secondary OA may be delayed by early identification and treatment of the predisposing cause. Weight management is perhaps the most important factor in preventing or delaying the progression of osteoarthritis in domestic dogs. Overweight dogs should be put on a calorie-restricted diet under a veterinarian’s supervision. A number of prescription and over-the-counter medications and supplements are available to address the inflammation and pain that accompany this disease and may help prevent further joint damage. Owners should always provide their dogs with soft, comfortable and well-padded sleeping areas and should take reasonable measures to restrict jumping, leaping off of high places and other activities that might predispose limbs to acute or chronic trauma. Regular, moderate, low-impact activities also can be very helpful by strengthening the musculature surrounding at-risk joints.
Special Notes
Although osteoarthritis is a progressive, painful and incurable condition, both surgical and medical therapies, together with life-style changes, typically allow affected dogs to enjoy a good quality of life.